Seasonal damage caused by herbivorous insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian savanna
Pequi Carmenta sp Naupactus sp Crematogaster sp Zelus armillatus
Main Article Content
Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees have a wide distribution in the Brazilian savanna. This plant is protected by federal laws and is untouched in deforested areas of the Brazilian savanna. This situation increases the damage to leaves, flowers, and fruits from chewing insects. We studied populations of herbivorous Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera and their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees for three successive years during each season in the Brazilian savanna. Phytophagous insects were most abundant at the beginning of winter and with more species and diversity in the summer. Natural enemies were most abundant in the spring and in the winter and with highest species and diversity at end of the winter. Fruits bored by Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Naupactus sp.3 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on the leaves were highest in the summer. Fruits scraped by Naupactus sp.1 and sp.2 were more numerous in the spring and summer, percentage of defoliation in the autumn. Apoptus sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) on the leaves in the spring, and leaf miners (Lepidoptera) in the winter. In the case of natural enemies, Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were most abundant on the leaves and in the flowers in the winter and spring, and on the fruits in the spring when new leaves and flowers are formed. The number of Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Holopothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), and the complex of spiders were greater on the leaves in the winter; and Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) was most abundant on the leaves in the autumn.
DEMOLIN-LEITE, G. L., DOS SANTOS VELOSO, R. V., COLA-ZANUNCIO, J., MAIA-ALMEIDA, C. I., FIÚZA-FERREIRA, P. S., SERRÃO, J. E., & RAMALHO, F. D. S. (2012). Seasonal damage caused by herbivorous insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian savanna. Revista Colombiana De Entomología, 38(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v38i1.8966
AGUIAR, L. M. S.; CAMARGO, A. J. A. 2004. Cerrado: Ecologia e caracterização. Planaltina, EMBRAPA – CPAC. 1942.
ALMEIDA, S. P.; PROENÇA, C. E. B.; SANO, S. M.; RIBEIRO, J. F. 1998. Cerrado: Espécies vegetais úteis. Planaltina, EMBRAPA – CPAC.
ALMEIDA, C. I. M.; LEITE, G. L. D.; ROCHA, S. L.; MACHADO, M. M. L.; MALDONADO, W. C. H. 2006. Fenologia e artrópodes de Copaifera langsdorfii no cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 8 (2): 6470.
ARAÚJO, F. D. 1995. A review of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) an economically valuable species of the central Brazilian cerrados. Economic Botany 9 (1): 4048.
AUSLANDER, M.; NEVO, E.; INBAR, M. 2003. The effects of slope orientation on plant growth, developmental instability and susceptibility to herbivores. Journal of Arid Environments 55 (3): 405416.
BOIÇA, J. R.; ARLINDO, L.; TEREZINHA, S. M.; PASSILONGO, J. 2004. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in passion fruit species: seasonal fluctuation, visitation time and flower damage. Neotropical Entomology 33 (2): 135139.
BRANDÃO, M.; GAVILANES, M. L. 1992. Espécies padronizadoras do cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no estado. Informativo Agropecuário 16 (173): 511.
BRIDGEWATER, S.; RATTER, J. A.; RIBEIRO, J. F. 2004. Biogeographic patterns, βdiversity and dominance in the cerrado biome of Brazil. Biodiversity Conservation 13 (12): 22952318. CABRERA, I.; SEGARRA, A. 2008. A new gallinducing species of Holopothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae) from tabebuia trumpet trees in the Caribbean region. Florida Entomologist 91 (2): 232236.
CAVALLERI, A.; KAMINSKI, L. A. 2007. A new Holopothrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) damaging Mollinedia (Monimiaceae) leaves in Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 1625: 6168. COLEY, P. D.; BATEMAN, M. L.; KURSAR, T. A. 2006. The effects of plant quality on caterpillar growth and defense against natural enemies. Oikos 115 (2): 219228.
DA SILVA, J. M. C.; BATES, J. M. 2002. Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation in the South American Cerrado: A Tropica Savanna Hotspot.
DURIGAN, G.; NISHIKAWA, D. L. L.; RO CHA, E.; SILVEIRA, E. R.; PULITANO, F. M.; REGALODO, L. B.; CARVALHAES, M. A.; PARANAGUÁ, P. A.; RANIERI, V. E. L. 2002. Caracterização de dois estratos da vegetação paulista em uma área de cerrado no município de Brotas, SP Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasileira 16 (3): 251262.
FELFINI, J. M.; JUNIOR, M. C. S.; DIAS, B. J.; REZENDE, A. V. 1999. Estudo fenológico de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville no cerrado sensu stricto da Fazenda Água Limpa no Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 22 (1): 8390.
FERREIRA, L. C.; JUNQUEIRA, R. G. 2007. Microbiological evaluation of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) preserves made from a typical Brazilian fruit. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23 (8): 11791181.
FREITAS, A. V. L.; OLIVEIRA, P. S. 1996. Ants as selective agents on herbivore biology: Effects on behaviour of a nonmyrmecophilous butterfly. Journal of Animal Ecology 65 (2): 205210.
GARCIA, C. C.; FRANCO, B. I. P. M.; ZUPPA, T. O.; ANTONIOSI FILHO, N. R.; LELES, M. I. G. 2007. Thermal Stability Studies of Some Cerrado Plant Oils. Journal of Thermal. Analysis and Calorimetry 87 (3): 645648.
GUIMARÃES JR, P. R.; RAIMUNDO, R. L. G.; BOTTCHER, C.; SILVA, R. R.; TRIGO, J. R. 2006. Extrafloral nectaries as a deterrent mechanism against seed predators in the chemically protected weed Crotalaria pallida (Leguminosae). Austral Ecology 31: 776782.
HILL, M. O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54 (2): 427432.
HOROWITZ, A. R. 1993. Control strategy for the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, late in the cottongrowing season. Phytoparasitica 21 (4): 281291.
KAMINSKI, L. A. 2008. Polyphagy and obligate myrmecophily in the butterfly Hallonympha paucipuncta (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in the neotropical Cerrado Savanna. Biotropica 40 (3): 390394.
KHOURI, J.; RESCK, I. S.; POÇASFONSECA, M.; SOUSA, T. M. M.; PEREIRA, L. O.; OLIVEIRA, A. B. B.; GRISOLIA, C. K. 2007. Anticlastogenic potential and antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of pulp from the pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb). Genetics and Molecular Biology 30 (2): 442448.
KURSAR, T. A.; WOLFE, B. T.; EPPS, M. J.; COLEY, P. D. 2006. Food quality, competition, and parasitism influence feeding preference in a neotropical Lepidopteran. Ecology 87 (12): 30583069.
LANDIS, D.; WRATTEN, S. D.; GURR, G. M. 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 175201.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; FERNANDES, L. A.; ALMEIDA, C. I. M. 2006. Phenology of Caryocar brasiliense in the Brazilian Cerrado Region. Forest Ecology and Management 236 (23): 286294.
LEITE G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; CASTRO, A. C. R.; LOPES, P. S. N.; FERNANDES, G. W. 2007. Efeito do AIB sobre a qualidade e fitossanidade dos alporques de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae). Revista Árvore 31 (2): 315320.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; SILVA, F. W. S.; GUANABENS, R. E. M.; FERNANDES, G. W. 2009. Within tree distribution of a gallinducing Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 53 (4): 643648.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ALVES, S. M.; AMORIM, C. A. D.; SOUZA, O. F. F. 2011a. Factors affecting Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Isoptera: Termitidae) nesting on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Brazilian savanna. Sociobiology 57 (1): 165180.
LEITE, G. L. D.; ALVES, S. M.; NASCIMENTO, A. F. N.; LOPES, P. S. N.; FERREIRA, P. S. F.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.. 2011b. Identification of the wood borer and the factors affecting its attack on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Brazilian Savanna. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 33 (4): 589566.
LOPES, P. S. N.; SOUZA, J. C.; REIS, P. R.; OLIVEIRA, J. M.; ROCHA, I. D. P. 2003. Caracterização do ataque da broca dos frutos do pequizeiro. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25 (3): 540543.
MIZELL, R. F. 2007. Impact of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on native arthropod predators in pecan and crape myrtle. Florida Entomologist 90 (3): 524536.
MIZUMACHI, E.; MORI, A.; OSAWA, N.; AKIYAMA, R.; TOKUCHI, N. 2006. Shoot development and extension of Quercus serrata saplings in response to insect damage and nutrient conditions. Annals of Botany 98 (1): 219226.
MOLINARUGAMA, A. J.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ZANUNCIO, T. V.; OLIVEIRA, M. L. R. 1998. Reproductive strategy of Podisus rostralis (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females under different feeding intervals. Biocontrol Science and Technology 8 (4): 583588.
OBERG, S.; MAYR, S.; DAUBER, J. 2008. Landscape effects on recolonisation patterns of spiders in arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 123: 211218.
OLIVEIRA, P. S. 1997. The ecological function of extrafloral nectaries: herbivore deterrence by visiting ants and reproductive output in Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae). Functional Ecology 11 (3): 323330.
OLIVEIRA, P. S.; FREITAS, A. V. L. 2004. Ant–plant–herbivore interactions in the neotropical cerrado savanna. Naturwissenschaften 91 (12): 557570.
ORIVEL, J.; DEJEAN, A. 2002. Ant activity rhythms in a pioneer vegetal formation of French Guiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 39: 6576.
PEDRONI, F.; SANCHEZ, M.; SANTOS, F. A. M. 2002. Fenologiada copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 25 (2): 183194.
PEETERS, P. J. 2002. Correlations between leaf constituent levels and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds in an Australian forest. Austral Ecology 27 (6): 658671.
PINHEIRO, F.; DINIZ, I. R.; COELHO, D.; BANDEIRA, M. P. S. 2002. Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado. Austral Ecology 27 (2): 132136.
RIBEIRO, J. F.; WALTER, B. M. T. 1998. Fitofisionomias do Bioma Cerrado. In Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. Planaltina, EMPRAPA CPAC.
SASTAWA, B. M.; LAWAN, M.; MAINA, Y. T.. 2004. Management of insect pests of soybean: effects of sowing date and intercropping on damage and grain yield in the Nigerian Sudan savanna. Crop Protection 23 (2): 155161.
SEGALL, S. D.; ARTZ, W. E.; RASLAN, D. S.; FERRAZ, V. P.; TAKAHASHI, J. A. 2005. Triacylglycerol analysis of pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis Camb.) oil by electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86 (3): 445452.
SENDOYA, S. F.; FREITAS, A. V. L.; OLIVEIRA, P. S. 2009. Egglaying butterflies distinguish predaceous ants by sight. The American Naturalist 174 (1): 134140.
SLOAN, S. A.; ZIMMERMAN, J. K.; SABAT, A. M. 2007. Phenology of Plumeria alba and its herbivores in a tropical dry forest. Biotropica 39 (2): 195–201.
TOWNSEND, C. R.; BEGON, M.; HARPER, J. L. 2006. Fundamentos em ecologia. Porto Alegre, Artmed. 592 p.
VENTURINO, E.; ISAIA, M.; BONA, F.; CHATTERJEE, S.; BADINO, G. 2008. Biological controls of intensive agroecosystems: Wanderer spiders in the Langa astigiana. Ecological Complexity 5 (2): 157164.
VIANELLO, R. F.; ALVES, A. R. 2000. Meteorologia básica e aplicações. Viçosa, UFV.
ZANETTI, R.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; VILELA, E. F.; LEITE, H. G.; JAFFÉ, K.; OLIVEIRA, A. C. 2003. Level of economic damage for leafcutting ants in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Sociobiology 42 (2): 433442.
ZANUNCIO, J. C.; LOPES, E. F.; ZANETTI, R.; PRATISSOLI, D.; COUTO, L. 2002. Spatial distribution of nests of the leaf cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in plantations of Eucalyptus urophylla in Brazil. Sociobiology 39 (2): 231242.
ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ZANUNCIO, T. V.; FREITAS, F. A.; PRATIS SOLI, D. 2003. Population density of Lepidoptera in a plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Animal Biology 53: 1726.
ALMEIDA, S. P.; PROENÇA, C. E. B.; SANO, S. M.; RIBEIRO, J. F. 1998. Cerrado: Espécies vegetais úteis. Planaltina, EMBRAPA – CPAC.
ALMEIDA, C. I. M.; LEITE, G. L. D.; ROCHA, S. L.; MACHADO, M. M. L.; MALDONADO, W. C. H. 2006. Fenologia e artrópodes de Copaifera langsdorfii no cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 8 (2): 6470.
ARAÚJO, F. D. 1995. A review of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) an economically valuable species of the central Brazilian cerrados. Economic Botany 9 (1): 4048.
AUSLANDER, M.; NEVO, E.; INBAR, M. 2003. The effects of slope orientation on plant growth, developmental instability and susceptibility to herbivores. Journal of Arid Environments 55 (3): 405416.
BOIÇA, J. R.; ARLINDO, L.; TEREZINHA, S. M.; PASSILONGO, J. 2004. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in passion fruit species: seasonal fluctuation, visitation time and flower damage. Neotropical Entomology 33 (2): 135139.
BRANDÃO, M.; GAVILANES, M. L. 1992. Espécies padronizadoras do cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no estado. Informativo Agropecuário 16 (173): 511.
BRIDGEWATER, S.; RATTER, J. A.; RIBEIRO, J. F. 2004. Biogeographic patterns, βdiversity and dominance in the cerrado biome of Brazil. Biodiversity Conservation 13 (12): 22952318. CABRERA, I.; SEGARRA, A. 2008. A new gallinducing species of Holopothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae) from tabebuia trumpet trees in the Caribbean region. Florida Entomologist 91 (2): 232236.
CAVALLERI, A.; KAMINSKI, L. A. 2007. A new Holopothrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) damaging Mollinedia (Monimiaceae) leaves in Southern Brazil. Zootaxa 1625: 6168. COLEY, P. D.; BATEMAN, M. L.; KURSAR, T. A. 2006. The effects of plant quality on caterpillar growth and defense against natural enemies. Oikos 115 (2): 219228.
DA SILVA, J. M. C.; BATES, J. M. 2002. Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation in the South American Cerrado: A Tropica Savanna Hotspot.
DURIGAN, G.; NISHIKAWA, D. L. L.; RO CHA, E.; SILVEIRA, E. R.; PULITANO, F. M.; REGALODO, L. B.; CARVALHAES, M. A.; PARANAGUÁ, P. A.; RANIERI, V. E. L. 2002. Caracterização de dois estratos da vegetação paulista em uma área de cerrado no município de Brotas, SP Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasileira 16 (3): 251262.
FELFINI, J. M.; JUNIOR, M. C. S.; DIAS, B. J.; REZENDE, A. V. 1999. Estudo fenológico de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville no cerrado sensu stricto da Fazenda Água Limpa no Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 22 (1): 8390.
FERREIRA, L. C.; JUNQUEIRA, R. G. 2007. Microbiological evaluation of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) preserves made from a typical Brazilian fruit. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23 (8): 11791181.
FREITAS, A. V. L.; OLIVEIRA, P. S. 1996. Ants as selective agents on herbivore biology: Effects on behaviour of a nonmyrmecophilous butterfly. Journal of Animal Ecology 65 (2): 205210.
GARCIA, C. C.; FRANCO, B. I. P. M.; ZUPPA, T. O.; ANTONIOSI FILHO, N. R.; LELES, M. I. G. 2007. Thermal Stability Studies of Some Cerrado Plant Oils. Journal of Thermal. Analysis and Calorimetry 87 (3): 645648.
GUIMARÃES JR, P. R.; RAIMUNDO, R. L. G.; BOTTCHER, C.; SILVA, R. R.; TRIGO, J. R. 2006. Extrafloral nectaries as a deterrent mechanism against seed predators in the chemically protected weed Crotalaria pallida (Leguminosae). Austral Ecology 31: 776782.
HILL, M. O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54 (2): 427432.
HOROWITZ, A. R. 1993. Control strategy for the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, late in the cottongrowing season. Phytoparasitica 21 (4): 281291.
KAMINSKI, L. A. 2008. Polyphagy and obligate myrmecophily in the butterfly Hallonympha paucipuncta (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in the neotropical Cerrado Savanna. Biotropica 40 (3): 390394.
KHOURI, J.; RESCK, I. S.; POÇASFONSECA, M.; SOUSA, T. M. M.; PEREIRA, L. O.; OLIVEIRA, A. B. B.; GRISOLIA, C. K. 2007. Anticlastogenic potential and antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of pulp from the pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb). Genetics and Molecular Biology 30 (2): 442448.
KURSAR, T. A.; WOLFE, B. T.; EPPS, M. J.; COLEY, P. D. 2006. Food quality, competition, and parasitism influence feeding preference in a neotropical Lepidopteran. Ecology 87 (12): 30583069.
LANDIS, D.; WRATTEN, S. D.; GURR, G. M. 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 175201.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; FERNANDES, L. A.; ALMEIDA, C. I. M. 2006. Phenology of Caryocar brasiliense in the Brazilian Cerrado Region. Forest Ecology and Management 236 (23): 286294.
LEITE G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; CASTRO, A. C. R.; LOPES, P. S. N.; FERNANDES, G. W. 2007. Efeito do AIB sobre a qualidade e fitossanidade dos alporques de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae). Revista Árvore 31 (2): 315320.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; SILVA, F. W. S.; GUANABENS, R. E. M.; FERNANDES, G. W. 2009. Within tree distribution of a gallinducing Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 53 (4): 643648.
LEITE, G. L. D.; VELOSO, R. V. S.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ALVES, S. M.; AMORIM, C. A. D.; SOUZA, O. F. F. 2011a. Factors affecting Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Isoptera: Termitidae) nesting on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Brazilian savanna. Sociobiology 57 (1): 165180.
LEITE, G. L. D.; ALVES, S. M.; NASCIMENTO, A. F. N.; LOPES, P. S. N.; FERREIRA, P. S. F.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.. 2011b. Identification of the wood borer and the factors affecting its attack on Caryocar brasiliense trees in the Brazilian Savanna. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 33 (4): 589566.
LOPES, P. S. N.; SOUZA, J. C.; REIS, P. R.; OLIVEIRA, J. M.; ROCHA, I. D. P. 2003. Caracterização do ataque da broca dos frutos do pequizeiro. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25 (3): 540543.
MIZELL, R. F. 2007. Impact of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on native arthropod predators in pecan and crape myrtle. Florida Entomologist 90 (3): 524536.
MIZUMACHI, E.; MORI, A.; OSAWA, N.; AKIYAMA, R.; TOKUCHI, N. 2006. Shoot development and extension of Quercus serrata saplings in response to insect damage and nutrient conditions. Annals of Botany 98 (1): 219226.
MOLINARUGAMA, A. J.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ZANUNCIO, T. V.; OLIVEIRA, M. L. R. 1998. Reproductive strategy of Podisus rostralis (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females under different feeding intervals. Biocontrol Science and Technology 8 (4): 583588.
OBERG, S.; MAYR, S.; DAUBER, J. 2008. Landscape effects on recolonisation patterns of spiders in arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 123: 211218.
OLIVEIRA, P. S. 1997. The ecological function of extrafloral nectaries: herbivore deterrence by visiting ants and reproductive output in Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae). Functional Ecology 11 (3): 323330.
OLIVEIRA, P. S.; FREITAS, A. V. L. 2004. Ant–plant–herbivore interactions in the neotropical cerrado savanna. Naturwissenschaften 91 (12): 557570.
ORIVEL, J.; DEJEAN, A. 2002. Ant activity rhythms in a pioneer vegetal formation of French Guiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 39: 6576.
PEDRONI, F.; SANCHEZ, M.; SANTOS, F. A. M. 2002. Fenologiada copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 25 (2): 183194.
PEETERS, P. J. 2002. Correlations between leaf constituent levels and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds in an Australian forest. Austral Ecology 27 (6): 658671.
PINHEIRO, F.; DINIZ, I. R.; COELHO, D.; BANDEIRA, M. P. S. 2002. Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado. Austral Ecology 27 (2): 132136.
RIBEIRO, J. F.; WALTER, B. M. T. 1998. Fitofisionomias do Bioma Cerrado. In Cerrado: Ambiente e Flora. Planaltina, EMPRAPA CPAC.
SASTAWA, B. M.; LAWAN, M.; MAINA, Y. T.. 2004. Management of insect pests of soybean: effects of sowing date and intercropping on damage and grain yield in the Nigerian Sudan savanna. Crop Protection 23 (2): 155161.
SEGALL, S. D.; ARTZ, W. E.; RASLAN, D. S.; FERRAZ, V. P.; TAKAHASHI, J. A. 2005. Triacylglycerol analysis of pequi (Caryocar brasiliensis Camb.) oil by electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86 (3): 445452.
SENDOYA, S. F.; FREITAS, A. V. L.; OLIVEIRA, P. S. 2009. Egglaying butterflies distinguish predaceous ants by sight. The American Naturalist 174 (1): 134140.
SLOAN, S. A.; ZIMMERMAN, J. K.; SABAT, A. M. 2007. Phenology of Plumeria alba and its herbivores in a tropical dry forest. Biotropica 39 (2): 195–201.
TOWNSEND, C. R.; BEGON, M.; HARPER, J. L. 2006. Fundamentos em ecologia. Porto Alegre, Artmed. 592 p.
VENTURINO, E.; ISAIA, M.; BONA, F.; CHATTERJEE, S.; BADINO, G. 2008. Biological controls of intensive agroecosystems: Wanderer spiders in the Langa astigiana. Ecological Complexity 5 (2): 157164.
VIANELLO, R. F.; ALVES, A. R. 2000. Meteorologia básica e aplicações. Viçosa, UFV.
ZANETTI, R.; ZANUNCIO, J. C.; VILELA, E. F.; LEITE, H. G.; JAFFÉ, K.; OLIVEIRA, A. C. 2003. Level of economic damage for leafcutting ants in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Sociobiology 42 (2): 433442.
ZANUNCIO, J. C.; LOPES, E. F.; ZANETTI, R.; PRATISSOLI, D.; COUTO, L. 2002. Spatial distribution of nests of the leaf cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in plantations of Eucalyptus urophylla in Brazil. Sociobiology 39 (2): 231242.
ZANUNCIO, J. C.; ZANUNCIO, T. V.; FREITAS, F. A.; PRATIS SOLI, D. 2003. Population density of Lepidoptera in a plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Animal Biology 53: 1726.
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