Evaluation of two commercial strains of entomonematodes as control agents of Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)
Main Article Content
Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner is a subterranean phytophage important in tropical crops. We tested two commercial entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains (Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar) as biological antagonists in the greenhouse (18-28°C and 55-85% relative humidity). We used the concentrations recommended by the supplier E-nema: 1000 and 500 epn/ ml of S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, respectively. These solutions were applied to pots of 1,5 dm3 filled with agricultural soil and sand (1:1) with 20 burrower bugs (adults or 5th instar immatures) confined to each pot. The insects were fed on groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Infestation rate of the burrower bug and mortality were measured through destructive evaluations 15 and 30 days after application (daa), three pots per time period. Only adults were infested (P£0,05). Considering both evaluations and all strains, we observed the greatest penetration rate for S. feltiae (93,9%) compared to H. bacteriophora (72,1%). In terms of mortality, H. bacteriophora killed more bugs after 15 days (42,2%) than S. feltiae (8,6%); however, after 30 days no differences were found between the two epn strains (54,3%). Moreover, we observed melanized nematodes, probably as an immune response of C. bergi against nematodes, where S. feltiae (37,5%) was more susceptible than H. bacteriophora (13,1%) at 30 daa. We conclude that only adults of C. bergi are susceptible to entomonematodes; H. bacteriophora is the most promising strain for producing greater mortality in less time and presenting a lower percent of melanization under these conditions.
AGUILAR, J. A.; GONZÁLES, A.; LÓPEZ, J.; CONCEPCIÓN, J.; GORDÓN, R. 1991. Evaluación y Control de daño ocasionado por el chinche subterráneo Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) en el cultivo de la yuca var. Brasileña. Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). 127 p.
ARIAS, V. B.; BELLOTTI; A. C. 1985. Aspectos ecológicos y de manejo de Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner, chinche de la viruela en el cultivo de la yuca Manihot esculenta Crantz. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 11 (2): 42-46.
BARBERENA, M. F.; BELLOTTI, A. C. 1998. Parasitismo de dos razas del nematodo Heterorhabditis bacteriophora sobre la chinche Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) en laboratorio. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 24 (1-2): 7-11.
BEDDING, R. A. 1981. Low cost in vitro mass production of Neoplectana and Heterorhabditis species (Nematoda) for field control of insects pests. Nematology. 27: 109-114.
BEDDING, R. A.; MOLYNEUX, A. S.; ARHURST, R. J. 1983. Heterorhabditis spp., Neoplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: interespecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects. Experimental Pathology 55: 249–257.
BELLOTTI, A. C.; GARCÍA, C. A. 1983. The subterranean Chinch Bug, a new pest of cassava. Cassava Newsletter 7: 10-11.
BELLOTTI, A. C.; VARGAS, O.; ARIAS, B.; CASTAÑO, O.; GARCÍA, C. 1988. Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner. A new pest of cassava: Biology, Ecology and Control. VII Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadalupe) Ed. INRA, Paris. p: 551-560.
BELLOTTI, A. C.; SMITH, L.; LAPOINTE, S. L. 1999. Recent advances in cassava pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 44: 343-70
CAICEDO, A. M.; BELLOTTI, A. C. 1994. Evaluación del potencial del nematodo entomógeno Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) para el control de Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) en condiciones de laboratorio. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 20 (4): 241-246.
CARBALLO, M.; SAUNDERS, J. L. 1990a. Labranza del suelo e insecticidas: efecto sobre la incidencia de Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner en maíz. Turrialba 40: 165-168.
CARBALLO, M.; SAUNDERS, J. L. 1990b. Manejo del suelo, rastrojo y las plagas: interacciones y efecto sobre el maíz. Turrialba 40: 183-189.
CIAT. 1980. Cassava Program Report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. p: 11-17.
CIAT. 1983. Cassava Program Report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. p: 325-370.
CIAT. 1985. Cassava Program Report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. p: 223-264.
CIAT. 2003. Cassava Entomology. p. 1-42. En: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Annual Report. Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosystems. Cali, Colombia. 258 p.
CIAT. 2004. Soil pests-Cassava and other crops. p. 116-165. En: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Annual Report. Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosystems. Cali, Colombia. 417 p.
CLAVIJO, S. 1981. Variaciones estacionales de poblaciones de adultos de Spodoptera frugiperda y Cyrtomenus bergi en cinco localidades de los alrededores del lago de Valencia, medidas mediante trampas de luz. Revista Facultad de Agronomía, Maracay 12: 63-79.
DOWNES, M. J.; GRIFFIN, C. T., 1996. Dispersal behaviour and transmission strategies of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 347356.
EHLERS, R. U. 1996. Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: practice and commercial aspects with regard to regulatory policy issues. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 303-316.
FEDERICI, B. A. 1999. A perspective on pathogens as biological control agents for insect pests. p. 517-547. En: Bellows, T. S.; Fisher, T. W. (eds.). Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, New York. 1046 p.
GARCIA, C. A.; BELLOTTI, A. C. 1980. Estudio preliminar de la biología y morfología de Cyrtomenus bergi, Froeschner, nueva plaga de la yuca. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 6 (3): 55-61.
GOLD, C. S.; VARGAS, O.; WIGNIMAN, J. 1988. Intercropping effects on insect pest of cassava in Colombia and of groundnut in India. CP479. International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. p: 1–18.
ICA. 1980. Notas y Noticias Entomológicas (Sep. – Oct.). Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Bogotá. p. 68.
INFOSTAT. 2004. Manual del usuario. Grupo INFOSTAT, FCA., Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 1 ed. Editorial Brujas Argentina. 318 p.
JANSSON, R. K. 1993. Introduction of exotic entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) for biological control of insects: potential and problems. Florida Entomologist 76 (1): 83-96.
JARAMILLO, J.; BORGEMEISTER, C.; EBSSA, L.; GAIGL, A.; TOBÓN, R.; ZIMMERMANN, G. 2005. Effect of combined applications of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain CIAT 224 and different dosages of imidacloprid on the subterranean burrower bug Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). Biological Control 34: 12–20
KAYA, H. K.; STOCK, S. P. 1997. Techniques of insect nematology. p. 281-324. En: Lacey, L. (eds.) Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Biological Techniques Series. Capítulo VI. Academic Press, San Diego, California. 409 p.
LACERDA, J. I. 1983. Dano causados au dendê (Elais guineensis) por ação do Cyrtomenus bergi (Froeschner, 1960) (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). Revista Floresta (Brazil) 14: 59-60.
KING, A. B. S.; SAUNDERS, J. L. 1984. The invertebrate pests of annual food crops in Central America. Overseas Development administration, London, UK. p. 117-118.
RIIS, L. 1990. The Subterranean Burrowing Bug Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner, an increasing Pest in Tropical Latin America: Behavioral studies, Population Fluctuations, Botanical Control, with Special Reference to Cassava. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Ecological and Molecular Biology, Section of Zoology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. 85 p.
RIIS, L. 1997. Behavior and Population growth of the Burrower Bug, Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner: Effects of host plants and abiotic factors. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Ecological and Molecular Biology, Section of Zoology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. 167 p.
SANCHEZ, D. 1996. Patogenicidad de hongos hyphomycetes sobre Cyrtomenus bergi F. (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) chinche subterráneo de la yuca en condiciones de laboratorio. Trabajo de Grado de Ingeniero Agrónomo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Palmira. 93 p.
SHENK, M.; SAUNDERS, J. L. 1984. Vegetation management systems and insect responses in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. Tropical Pest Management. 30: 186193
SODERHALL, K; ASPAN, A. 1993. Prophenoloxidase Activating System and its role in cellular communication. En: J.P.N. Pathak editor. Insect Immunity. New Delhi. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. p. 113129.
STRUCK, E.; EBSSA, L.; EHLERS, R-U.; POEHLING, H-M.; GAIGL, A.; BORGEMEISTER, C. 2004. Interactions between host plants, the subterranean burrower bug, Cyrtomenus bergi, and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis. Nematology 6 (5): 633-639.
URIBE, S. 1997. Mecanismos de respuesta inmune en insectos. Revista Colombiana de Entomología. 23 (3-4): 177-185.
VARGAS, H. L. 1996. Resistencia de variedades de yuca a Cyrtomenus bergi. Revista Nataima 1: 27-30.
- ANA MILENA CAICEDO-V., ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, Survey of native entomogenous nematodes associated with Cyrtonemus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) in eight Colombian sites , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 22 No. 1 (1996)
- ANA MILENA CAICEDO-V., ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, Evaluation of the potencial of the entomogenous nematod Steinernema Carpocapsae Weiser (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) for the control of Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) under laboratory condicionts , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 20 No. 4 (1994)
- OSCAR SANTOS A., EDGAR HERNEY VARÓN D., ANDREAS GAIGL, ANDREA FLORIANO, Economic injury level for Neohydatothrips signifer (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in passion fruit at the Huila region, Colombia , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 38 No. 1 (2012)
- ANA MILENA VARELA, ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, JESÚS A. REYES, BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE FLOURY LICE OF YUCCA Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend and Cockerell (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 5 No. 1-2 (1979)
- NANCY SORAYA CARREJO-G., ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, RANULFO GONZALEZ-O., EVALUATION OF SOME DETERMINING FACTORS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF Cleothera notata (Col: Coccinellidae) AS A PREDATOR OF THE FLOUR LICE OF YUCCA Phenacoccus herreni (Hom: Pseudococcidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 17 No. 1 (1991)
- ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, CARLOS J. HERRERA-F., Behavior of Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) and Acerophagus coccois Smith (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of two mealybugs of cassava, Phenacoccus herreni and Ph. Gossypii (Townsend & Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 12 No. 2 (1986)
- JUAN MANUEL ALVAREZ-A, ALFREDO ACOSTA, ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, ANN R. BRAUNL, PATHOGENICITY STUDIES OF A FUNGUS ASSOCIATED WITH Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), MITE PLAGUE OF YUCCA (Manihot , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 19 No. 1 (1993)
- MARÍA FERNANDO BARBERENA, ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, Parasitism of two strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on the subterranean burrowing bug Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 24 No. 1 (1998)
- DAVID SÁNCHEZ-S., ANTHONY C. BELLOTTI, Pathogenicity of Fungi Hyphomycetes on Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) cassava burrowing bug , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 23 No. 1 (1997)
- NELLY PATRICIA VILLEGAS, ANDREAS GAIGL, LUIS FERNANDO VALLEJO-E., The white grub complex (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) associated with onion and pasture in Risaralda, Colombia , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 34 No. 1 (2008)
Authors retain the copyright on their work and are responsible for the ideas expressed in them. Once a manuscript is approved for publication, authors are asked for a publication license for the term of legal protection, for all territories that allows the use, dissemination and disclosure of the same.