Natural enemies of armored scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on avocado Hass in Michoacan, Mexico
Main Article Content
Natural enemies associated to armored scales on avocado Hass, and the percentage of parasitoidism on branches and fruits were recorded. The study was conducted on 14 avocado Hass orchards certified for exportation in the State of Michoacan, Mexico. From July 2009 to September 2010, armored scales and their entomophagous were collected in five orchards biweekly; meanwhile, in nine different orchards, levels of parasitoidism on armored scales were assessed bimonthly (from May to September 2010). The totals of scales species alive and parasitized scales per stage were recorded for each sample. The armored scales Hemiberlesia lataniae, Abgrallaspis aguacatae and Hemi- berlesia rapax were found infesting avocado leaves, branches and fruits. These armored scales were collected in ten, six, and two orchards respectively. The entomophagous insects recognized were Encarsia citrina present in 10 orchards and the most abundant with 108 specimens, Encarsia juanae in four orchards, 69 specimens collected, Plagiomerus nr. diaspidis four orchards, 65 specimens, Signiphora nr. borinquensis six orchards, 23 specimens, Marietta mexicana one orchard, five specimens, Aphytis sp. one orchard, two specimens and Chilocorus cacti two orchards, five specimens. The percentage of parasitoidism in armored scales infecting branches was bigger than in infested fruits; the number of parasitized scales increased between July and September 2010, possibly influenced by higher recorded temperatures and the relative humidity of the orchards. Encarsia citrina, which parasitizes the three armored scale species, has the best distribution and abundance, and it was present most of the year, therefore, it could be the parasitoid with better potential in management of armored scales.
195.
BEN-DOV, Y.; MILLER, D. 2011. ScaleNet Web Site. Disponible en: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm. Fecha última revisión: 30 noviembre 2011.
CHARLES, J. G.; HENDERSON, R. 2002. Catalogue of the exotic armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32 (4): 587- 615.
CORONADO B., J. M.; RUIZ, E.; TRJAPITZIN, V. 1998. Nuevo registro de Plagiomerus diaspidis Crawford en Tamaulipas, México, sobre la escama Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche). Acta Zoológica Mexicana 75: 203-204.
DE VILLIERS, E.; VAN DEN BERG, M. 1987. Avocado insects of South Africa. South African Avocado Grower’s Association Yearbook 10: 75-79.
DGSV. 2006. Control biológico de la escama de nieve Unaspis citri (Comstock). SENASICA, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (DGSV), Subdirección de Control Biológico, Ficha Técnica CB-25, Tecomán, Colima. 4 p.
ECHÁNOVE, H. F. 2008. Abriendo fronteras: el auge exportador del aguacate mexicano a Estados Unidos. Anales de Geografía 28 (1): 9-28.
EVANS, G. A.; WATSON, W.; MILLER, D. 2009. A new species of armored scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) found on avocado fruit from México and a key to the species of armored scales found on avocado worldwide. Zootaxa 1991: 57-68.
GERSON, U.; ZOR, Y. 1973. The armored scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of avocado trees in Israel. Journal Natural History 7: 513-533.
GONZÁLEZ, H. H.; ORTEGA-ARENAS, L.; VILLEGAS, N.; LÓPEZ, M.; ROJAS, P. 2008. Escamas armadas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) del aguacate Persea americana var. Hass en huertos certificados para exportación del estado de Michoacán. (No publicado).
GORDON, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of México. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93: 1-912.
HERATY, J. M.; POLASZEK, A.; SCHAUFF, M. 2008. Systematic and biology of Encarsia. pp. 71-87. In: Gould, J.; Hoelmer, K.; Goolsby, J. (Eds.). Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. Springer Science+ Business Media B.V. 343 p.
INIFAP. 2009. Impactos ambientales y socioeconómicos del cambio de uso del suelo forestal a huertos de aguacate en Michoacán. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Centro, Campo Experimental Uruapan. Publicación Especial Número 2, Texcoco, México. 76 p.
JAPOSHVILI, G. O.; STATHAS, G.; KAMPOURIS, S. 2010. Natural enemies of Diaspis echinocacti in Greece and first records of Aphytis debachi and Plagiomerus diaspidis. Phytoparasitica 38: 121-123.
KOSTARAB, M. 1963. The armored scale insect on Ohio, (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Bulletin of the Ohio Biology Survey. Ohio State, 2, 120 p.
MacLEOD, A. 2006. Pest risk analysis for Hemiberlesia rapax. Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom. 8 p.
MAES, J. M. 2002. Insectos Asociados al esparrago en Nicaragua. Disponible en: http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/MaesInsectosEspa- rrago.pdf. [Fecha revisión: 11 enero 2011].
MATADHA, D.; HAMILTON, G.; LASHOMB, J. 2004. Effect of temperature on development, fecundity, and life table parameters of Encarsia citrina Craw (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of euonymus scale, Unaspis eounymi (Comstock), and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Environmental Entomology 33 (5): 1185-1191.
MATADHA, D.; HAMILTON, G.; LASHOMB, J.; ZHANG, J. 2005. Ovipositional preferences and functional response of parasitoids of euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) and San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Biological Control 32: 337-347.
McCLURE, M. S. 1990. Influence of environmental factors. pp. 319- 330. En: Rosen, D. (Ed.). Armored scale insects their biology, natural enemies and control. Volume A. Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 386 p.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; RUÍZ-CANCINO, E. 2001. Mexican species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Marietta (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Florida Entomologist 84 (2): 293-297.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; EVANS, G. 2008. Genus Encarsia Förster of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) A revision, key and description of new species. Primera edición. Departamento de Fomento Editorial, UAT. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. 320 p.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, A. 2008. Descripción de dos especies nuevas de Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) y nuevos registros de especies de este género para Chiapas y Jalisco, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 24 (2): 101- 114.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; RUÍZ-CANCINO, E.; CORONADO-BLANCO, J. 2008. Encarsia aurantii species-group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Mexico, with key and description of a new species. Zoosystematic Rossica 17: 67-71.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; RUÍZ-CANCINO, E.; CORONADO-BLANCO, J. 2009. Identificación de los géneros de Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) de México. pp. 935-939. En: Estrada-Venegas, E. (Ed.). Sociedad Mexicana de Entomología, Entomología Mexicana, Volumen 8.
MYARTSEVA, S. N.; RUÍZ-CANCINO, E.; CORONADO-BLANCO, J. 2010. El género Aphytis Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) en México, clave de especies y descripción de una especie nueva. Dugesiana 17 (1): 81-94.
NOYES, J. S. 1980. A review of the genera of Neotropical Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 41 (3): 107-253.
NOYES, J. S. 1982. Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Natural History 16: 315-334.
PEÑA, J. 2008. Plagas del palto en Florida. pp. 310-313. En: R. Ripa; P. Larral (Eds.). Manejo de plagas en Paltos y Cítricos. Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Agricultura, Colección libros INIA, N° 23. 400 p.
PONSONBY, D. J.; COPLAND, M. 2000. Environmental effects on the development and survival of the scale insect Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) with reference to its suitability for use as a host for rearing biological control agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology 10: 583-594.
QUEZADA, J. R.; DEBACH, P.; ROSEN, D. 1973. Biological and taxonomic studies of Signiphora borinquensis, new species, (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae), a primary parasite of diaspine scales. Hilgardia 41 (18): 543-603.
RIPA S, R.; VARGAS, R.; LARRAL, P.; RODRÍGUEZ, S. 2007. Manejo de las principales plagas del palto. INIA Tierra adentro. 73: 29-33. Disponible en: http://www.inia.cl/medios/biblioteca/ta/ NR34134.pdf. [Fecha revisión: 11 enero 2011].
ROCHAT, J.; GUTIÉRREZ, A. 2001. Weather-mediated regulated of olive scale by two parasitoids. Journal of Animal Ecology 70: 476- 490.
RUGMAN-JONES, P. F.; MORSE, J.; STOUTHAMER, R. 2009. Rapid molecular identification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican “Hass” avocado. Journal of Economic Entomology 102 (5): 1948-1953.
SALAS-ARAIZA, M. D.; JONES, R.; MONTESINOS-SILVA, G.; SALAZAR-SOLÍS, E.; PARRA-NEGRETE, L.; MARTÍNEZ-JAIME, O.; RAMÍREZ-MALAGÓN, R.; FLORES-MEJÍA, S. 2008. Population dynamics of the agave scale, Acutaspis agavis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on Agave tequilana var. azul (Agavaceae) in Central México. Southwestern Entomologist 33 (4): 289-298.
VANEGAS-RICO, J. M.; LOMELI-FLORES, J.; RODRÍGUEZ-LEYVA, E.; MORA-AGUILERA, G. 2010. Enemigos naturales de Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) en Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller en el centro de México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie) 26 (2): 415-433.
VARGAS, R.; RODRÍGUEZ, S. 2008. Escama latania. pp. 163-170.En: Ripa, R.; Larral, P. (Eds.). Manejo de plagas en Paltos y Cítricos. Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Agricultura, Colección libros INIA, N° 23. 400 p.
WAITE G, K. 1988. Biological control of latania scale on avocados in south-east Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Science 45 (2): 165-167.
WOOLLEY, J. B. 1997. Signiphoridae. pp. 693-699. En: Gibson, G.; Huber, J.; Woolley, J. (Eds.). Annotated keys to the genera of neartic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 794 p
- Martha Olivia Lázaro-Dzul, Armando Equihua-Martínez, Jesús Romero-Nápoles, Héctor González-Hernández, Dionicio Alvarado-Rosales, Alvaro Castañeda-Vildózola, Javier Suárez Espinosa, Population fluctuation of Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards in Michoacán, México , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 49 No. 2 (2023): Vol. 49 Issue 2 (2023)
- María Berenice González-Maldonado, Juana María Coronado-Blanco, J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores, New records of parasitoid braconids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Durango, Mexico , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 46 No. 2 (2020)
- SALVADOR HERNÁNDEZ-MORENO, HÉCTOR GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J. REFUGIO LOMELI-FLORES, ESTEBAN RODRÍGUEZ-LEYVA, AGUSTÍN ROBLES-BERMÚDEZ, Effect of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the parasitoid activity of Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 38 No. 1 (2012)
- MAGDALENA CRUZ R., IMELDA MARTÍNEZ M., JOSÉ LÓPEZ-COLLADO, MÓNICA VARGAS-MENDOZA, HÉCTOR GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, DIEGO E. PLATAS-ROSADO, Degradation of cattle dung by dung beetles in tropical grassland in Veracruz, Mexico , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 38 No. 1 (2012)
- Ian Humberto Quiroz-González, Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez, Armando Equihua-Martínez, Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio, Fernando de Jesús Carballo-Méndez, Gerardo Méndez-Zamora, Ivón Montserrat Cerda-Hurtado, Potential distribution of eight species of Scolytinae and Platypodinae beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) collected in native avocado orchards of Nuevo Leon, Mexico , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 50 No. 2 (2024): Vol. 50 Núm. 2 (Jul-Dic, 2024)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright on their work and are responsible for the ideas expressed in them. Once a manuscript is approved for publication, authors are asked for a publication license for the term of legal protection, for all territories that allows the use, dissemination and disclosure of the same.