Patogenicidad de Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) sobre Heterotermes tenuis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) en Hevea brasiliensis
Main Article Content
In the Colombian Amazon termites attack bare root stumps of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on Heterotermes tenuis termites under laboratory conditions. The concentrations used were 1x101, 1x103, 3x105, 1x107 and 3x108 conidia/ml and the control (distilled sterile water). The dead insects were cleared with KOH at 10% and mounted on glass slides. Mortality was compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the CL50 and TL50 were determined. The concentration of 3x108 conidia/ml was the most effective (100% of insects eliminated in six days). There were differences found among the six concentrations used in percent survival of H. tenuis (H5,81 =19.4; p < 0.05) and in the time (days) of survival (H4,60=14.0; p < 0.05). The CL50 was 9.64 x 103 conidia/ml after a time of six days. The TL50 was three days for the concentration of 3 x 108 conidia/ml. Under laboratory conditions M. anisopliae is very effective on H. tenuis, and for this reason its use under natural conditions should be considered in the integrated management of the termites that affect the cultivation of rubber trees in the Amazonian region. This study is the first report on the in vitro biocontrol of H. tenuis in H. brasiliensis.
ALBUQUERQUE, A.C.; PEREIRA, K.C.A.; CUNHA, F.M.; VEIGA, A.F.S.L.; ATHAYDE, A.C.R.; LIMA, E. A.L.A. 2005. Patogenicidade de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae e Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum Sobre Nasutitermes coxipoensis (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Neotropical Entomology 34 (4):585-591.
ALMEIDA, J.E.M.; ALVES, S.B.; MOINO JR., A.; LOPES, R.B. 1998. Controle do cupim subterrâneo Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) com iscas Termitrap impregnadas com inseticidas e associadas ao fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 27: 639-644.
ASOHECA. ASOCIACIÓN DE REFORESTADORES Y CULTIVADORES DE CAUCHO DEL CAQUETÁ 2007. Plan Estratégico y de Negocios. Documento Técnico No 1. 30 p.
ASOCIACIÓN DE REFORESTADORES Y CULTIVADORES DE CAUCHO DEL CAQUETÁ ASOHECA. 2009. Información estadística de caucho en el departamento del caqueta-2009. Documento técnico de agronegocios. 9 p.
BARNETT, H. L.; HUNTER, B. B.; 1972. Ilustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Burgesss Publishing Company. New York. United States of America. 241 p.
BUTT, T. M.; JACKSON, C.; MAGAN, N. 2001. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents, progress, problems and potential. CABI publishing. London. England. 75 p.
CAMARGO-DIETRICH, C.R.R.; COSTA-LEONARDO, A.M. 2000. Comportamento intra-específico do cupim Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) em condições de laboratorio. Revista Brasilera. Zoología 17 (2): 421-427.
CAMPOS, M.B.S.; ALVES, S.B.; MACEDO, N. 1998. Seleção de iscas celulósicas para o cupim Heterotermes tenuis (isoptera: rhinotermitidae) em cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Scientia Agricola 55 (3): 480-484.
CANCELLO, E.; MYLES, T. G. 2000. Isóptera. p. 285-305. En: Llorente, J.B.; Gonza1lez, E.; García, A.N; Papavero, N. (eds.). Biodiversidad, Taxonomía y Biogeografía de Artrópodos de México: Hacia una Síntesis de su conocimiento. México. 350 p.
CHOUVENC, T.; SU, N-Y.; ELLIOT, M. 2008. Antifungal activity of the termite alkaloid norharmane against the mycelia growth of Metarhizium anisopliae and Aspergillus nomius. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 99: 345-347.
CHOUVENC, T.; SU, N-Y.; ROBERT, A. 2009a. Inhibition of Metarhizium anisopliae in the alimentary tract of the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 101: 130-136.
CHOUVENC, T.; SU, N-Y.; ROBERT, A. 2009b. Cellular encapsulation in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera), against infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 101: 234-241.
CONSTANTINO, R. 1991. Termites (Isoptera) from the lower Japurá River, Amazonas State, Brazil. Boletin del Museo Paraense Emílio GoeIdi, séries Zoología 7 (2): 189-224.
CONSTANTINO, R. 2002. The pest termites of South American: Taxonomy, distribution and status. Journal of Applied Entomology. 126: 355-365.
DOMSCH, K. H.; GAMS, W.; ANDERSON, T. H.1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Academic Press Ltd., London, England. 859 p.
DONG, C.; ZHANG, J.; CHEN, W.; HUANG, H.; HU, Y. 2007. Characterization of a newly discovered China variety of Metarhizium anisopliae (M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium) for virulence to termites, isoenzyme, and phylogenic analysis. Microbiological Research 162: 53-61.
FARIA, M.; WRAIGHT, S.P. 2001. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci with fungi. Crop Protection 20: 767-778.
FAO (ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACIÓN) 1970. Pest resistance to pesticide in agriculture. Importance, Recognition and Countermeasures. Rome: 32 p.
FENG, M.G.; POPRAWSKI, T.J. 1999. Robustness of the time– dose– mortality model in bioassay data analysis of microbial control agents and chemical agents for insect control. Subtropical Plant Science 51: 36-38.
FERRON, P. 1978. Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Annual Review of Entomology 23: 409-442.
GARZÓN, F. 2000. Principales plagas y enfermedades en el cultivo del caucho (Hevea brasiliensis) con énfasis en la Amazonia Colombiana. Produmedios, Bogota. 63 p.
GOETTEL, M.; INGLIS, G. D. 1997. Fungi Hyphomycetes. p. 213249. En: Lacey, L. (ed.). Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press. London. Great Britain.
GUTIÉRREZ, A. I.; SALDARRIAGA, Y. 2004. Observación de la patogenicidad de Metarhizium anisopliae en soldados Nasutitermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología 30 (2): 151-156.
GUTIÉRREZ A. I.; SALDARRIAGA, Y.; URIBE, S.; ZULUAGA, M.; PINEDA, F. 2005. Patogenicidad de Paecilomyces lilacinus y Metarhizium anisopliae sobre termitas Microcerotermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología 31 (1): 9-14.
HAJEK, A.E.; LEGER, R.J., 1994. Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts. Annual Review of Entomology 39: 293-322.
HERRERA, T.; ULLOA, M. 1990. El reino de los hongos, Micología básica y aplicada. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Fondo de cultura económica. S.A. México D.F. 975 p. IGAC (INSTITUTO GEOGRAFICO AGUSTIN CODAZZI). 1993. Aspectos ambientales para el ordenamiento territorial de occidente del Departamento del Caquetá. Tomo VI. Bogotá, Colombia. 673. P.
KIFFER, E.; MORELET, M. 2000. The Deuteromycetes, Mitosporic Fungi, Classification and Generic keys. Science publishers Inc. United States of America. 195 p.
LIGHT, S. F. 1946. Habitat and habit types of Termites and their economic significance. p. 136-149. En: Kofoid, C. A.; Light, S.F.; Horner, A. C.; Herms, W. B.; Bowe, E. (Eds.). Termites and Termite control. University of California Press. s.p.
MADRIGAL, A. 2003. Insectos Forestales en Colombia. Biología, Hábitos Ecología y Manejo. Ed. Marin Vieco Ltda. 593 p.
MÁRQUEZ, J. 2006. Biología básica de termitas subterráneas que afectan caña de azúcar. Boletín caña Cañamip No. 9. Gengicaña. Guatemala. 9 p.
MILL, A. 1991. Termites as structural pests in Amazonia, Brazil. Sociobiology 19 (2): 339-348.
MILNER, R. J. 1992. Selection and characterization of strains of Metarhizium anisopliae for control of soil insects in Australia. p. 200–207. En: Lomer, C. J.; Prior, C. (eds.). Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. CAB Int. London. England. 392 p.
MILNER, R. J.; STAPLES, J. A.; LUTTON, G. G. 1997. The Effect of Humidity on Germination and Infection of Termites by the Hyphomycete, Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69: 64-69.
MOINO, A. JR., ALVES, S.B.1998. Efeito de imicacloprid e fipronil sobre Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. e no comportamento de limpeza de Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen). Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 27: 611-620.
MOINO, A. JR.; ALVES, S.B.; LOPES, R.B.; OLIVEIRA, P.M.; NEVES, J.; PEREIRA R.M.; VIEIRA, S.A. 2002. External development of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in the subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis. Scientia agricola 59 (2): 267-273.
MYLES, T.G. 2002. Laboratory studies on the transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), with a method for applying appropriate doses of conidia to trapped termites for release. Sociobiology 40 (2): 9-21.
SALDARRIAGA, Y.; PINEDA, F. 2001. Manual de micología aplicada. Ciencia y tecnología. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín. Colombia. 103 p.
SAMSON, R. A.; HOEKSTRA, E. S.; FRISVAD, J. C. 2004. Introduction to foodand airborne fungi. Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academic of the Arts and Sciencies. London. England. 248 p.
SHI, W-B.; FENG, M-G. 2004. Lethal effect of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the eggs of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) with a description of a mite egg bioassay system. Biological Control 30: 165-173.
STAPLES, J. A.; MILNER, R. J. A. 2000. Laboratory evaluation of the repellency of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia to Coptotermes lacteus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 36 (1): 133-148.
ST. LEGER, R.J.; DURRANDS, P.K.; CHARNLEY, A.K.; COOPER, R.M. 1988. Role of extracellular chymoelastase in the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae for Manduca sexta. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 52:285-293.
SUN, Y.; BAN, P. M.; SCHEFFRAHN, R. H. 2002. Control of subterranean termite populations at San Cristóbal and El Morro, San Juan National Historic Site. Journal of Cultural Heritage 3: 217-225.
SUN, J.; JAMES, R.F.; HENDERSON, G. 2003. Effects of virulence, sporulation, and temperature on Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana laboratory transmission in Coptotermes formosanus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 84:38-46.
TANADA, Y.; KAYA, H. K. 1993. Insect pathology. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Javanovich 328 p.
TAKUYA, A.; MASAHIKO H. 2001. Isoptera. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. 611 p.
TORALES, J. G.; CORONEL, J. M.; FONTANA, L. J.; LAFFONT, R. E. 2005. Composición Faunística y Distribución de Isoptera (Insecta) del Litoral. Miscelánea 14: 259-280.
WANG, C.; POWELL, J. E. 2004. Cellulose bait improves the effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae as a microbial control of termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Biological Control 30: 523-529.
WOLFF, M. 2006. Insectos de Colombia. Editor Multimpresos Ltda. Medellín, Colombia. 460 p
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright on their work and are responsible for the ideas expressed in them. Once a manuscript is approved for publication, authors are asked for a publication license for the term of legal protection, for all territories that allows the use, dissemination and disclosure of the same.