Diversity of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in restored high-Andean forests from the Colombian Central Andes
Community diversity Cloud forests Reforestation
Main Article Content
Rove beetle diversity in Colombia is still scarce and even more in high mountain ecosystems which are one of the most vulnerable habitats. So, community diversity of these insects was studied in a high-Andean landscape on the Colombian Central Andes, which is being ecologically restored. Pasture, forest plantation, regenerating forest plantation, secondary forest and mature secondary forest, were chosen by using environmental and vegetation features. In each landscape element, a linear transect was defined applying Winkler bags and carriontraps as collecting methods. Abundance, richness and community structure were compared between habitats. In order to correlate environmental variables with richness of staphylinids, a multiple correlation was carried out. A non-metrical multidimensional scaling analysis based on species composition was made for landscape elements. Complementarity Index was used as beta diversity measure. 3,065 specimens representing, 11 subfamilies, 34 genera and 122 morphospecies were collected. Alfa diversity between landscape elements was statistically different, being higher for sites with higher regeneration. Staphylinid abundance and richness were negatively correlated with soil temperature and positively with arboreal coverage percentage. Although species composition was statistically different between elements, a separation between secondary forest and regenerating plantation was not found. The high beta diversity values made evident the importance of highAndean landscapes for biological conservation.
MÉNDEZ-ROJAS, D. M., LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, M. M., & GARCÍA-CÁRDENAS, R. (2012). Diversity of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in restored high-Andean forests from the Colombian Central Andes. Revista Colombiana De Entomología, 38(1), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v38i1.8972
ANDERSON, R. S.; ASHE J. S. 2000. Leaf litter inhabiting beetles as surrogates for establishing priorities for conservation of selected tropical montane cloud forests in Honduras, Central America (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae, Curculionidae). Biodiversity and Conservation 9 (5): 617-653.
ANDERSEN, A.; ELTEN, R. 2000. Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming. Journal of Applied Entomology 124 (1): 51-56.
ANDRADE, M. G. 1998. Utilización de las mariposas como bioindicadoras del tipo de hábitat y su diversidad en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Físicas, Exactas y Naturales 22 (84): 407-421.
ARMENTERAS, D.; CADENA-V, C.; MORENO, R. P. 2007. Evaluación del estado de los bosques de niebla y la meta 210 en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá D.C. 72 p.
BAQUERO, J. C.; DUQUE, J.M.; GÓMEZ, G. D. 2010. Composición florística en La Sonadora, Calarcá, Quindío. Comité de Cafeteros. 64 p.
BARLOW, J.; GARDNER, T. A.; ARAUJO, I. S.; ÁVILA-PIRES, T. C.; BONALDO A. B.; COSTA J. E.; ESPOSITO, M.C.; FERREIRA, L.V.; HAWES, J.; HERNANDEZ, M.I.; HOOGMOED, M. S.; LEITE, R. N.; LO-MAN-HUNG, N. F.; MALCOLM, J. R.; MARTINS, M. B.; MESTRE, L. A. M.; MIRANDA-SANTOS, R.; NUNES-GUTJAHR, A. L.; OVERAL, W. L.; PARRY, L.; PETERS, S.L.; RIBEIRO-JUNIOR, M. A.; DA SILVA, M. N. F.; DA SILVA MOTTA, C.; PERES, C. A. 2007. Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (47): 18555-18560.
BOHAC, J. 1999. Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 357-372.
BUBB, P.; MAY, I.; SAYER, J. 2004. Cloud Forest Agenda. UNEPWCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from URL: www.unep-wcmc. org/resources/publications/UNEP_WCMC_bio_series /20.htm. [Fecha revisión: 31 enero 2010].
CAVELIER, J.; SANTOS, C. 1999. Efectos de plantaciones abandonadas de especies exóticas y nativas sobre la regeneración natural de un bosque montano en Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 47 (4): 775-784.
COLWELL, R. K.; CODDINGTON, J. A. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 345: 101-118.
polando y comparando las curvas de acumulación de especies basadas en su incidencia. pp. 73-84. En: Halffter, G.; Soberón, J.; Kollet, P.; Melic, A. (Eds.). Sobre diversidad biológica: El significado de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. Monografías Tercer Milenio: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, España. 242 p.
DIDHAM, R. K.; HAMMOND, P. M.; LAWTON, J. H.; EGGLETON, P.; STORK, N. E. 1998. Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs 68 (3): 295-323.
GARCÍA, R.; ARMBRECHT, I.; ULLOA-CHACÓN P. 2001. Staphylinidae: Coleoptera. Composición y mirmecofilia en bosques secos relictuales de Colombia. Folia Entomológica Mexicana 40 (1): 1-10. GARCÍA, R.; CHACÓN, P. 2005. Estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en fragmentos de bosque seco del valle geográfico del río Cauca. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 31(1): 43-50.
GOTELLI, N. J.; COLWELL, R. K. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4: 379-391.
GREBENNIKOV, V.V.; NEWTON, A. F. 2009. Good-bye Scydmaenidae, or why the ant-like stone beetles should become megadiverse Staphylinidae sensu latissimo (Coleoptera). European Journal of Entomology 106: 275-301.
GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C.; ULLOA-CHACÓN, P. 2006. Composición de estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) asociados a hojarasca en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Folia Entomológica Mexicana 45 (002): 69-81.
GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C.; ZÚÑIGA, M. C.; VAN BODEGON, P. M.; CHARÁ, J.; GIRALDO, L. P. 2009. Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Neotropical riverine landscapes: characterizing their distribution. Insect Conservation and Diversity 2: 106-115.
HALFFTER, G.; MORENO, C. E. 2005. Significado biológico de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. pp. 5-18. En: Halffter, G.; Soberón, J.; Kollet, P.; Melic, A. (Eds.). Sobre diversidad biológica: El significado de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. Monografías Tercer Milenio: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, España. 242 p.
HAMMER, Ø.; HARPER, D.; RYAN, P. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1). Disponible en: http://palaeoelectronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01. htm
HOFMANN, T. A; MASON, C. F. 2006. Importance of management on the distribution and abundance of Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) on coastal grazing marshes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 114 (2): 397-406.
JIMÉNEZ-VALVERDE, A.; HORTAL, J. 2003. Las curvas de acumulación de especies y la necesidad de evaluar la calidad de los inventarios biológicos. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 8 (31): 151-161.
KATTAN, G. H.; CORREA, D.; ESCOBAR, F.; MEDINA, C. A. 2006. Leaf-litter arthropods in restored forests in the colombian Andes: a comparison between secondary forest and tree plantations. Restoration Ecology 14 (1): 95-102.
KATTAN, G. H.; MURCIA, C.; GALINDO-CARDONA, A. 2010. An evaluation of bess beetles (Passalidae) and their resource base in a restored Andean forest. Tropical Conservation Science 3 (3): 334- 343.
LACHAT, T. 2004. The impact of forest management on saproxylic beetles and other arthropods in a semi-deciduous forest in Southern Benin. PhD Thesis, University of Basel, Faculty of Science. Available from URL: edoc.unibas.ch/239/1/DissB_6950.pdf
LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, M.; MÉNDEZ-ROJAS, D.; NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, J. L. 2011. First record and a new species of Megarthrus (Staphylinidae: Proteininae) for the Colombian Central Andes. Zootaxa. 2916: 62-64.
LOZADA, A.; FERNÁNDEZ, I.; TRUJILLO, M. 2004. Lista Preliminar de los Coleópteros (Insecta, Coleoptera) de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (34): 101-106.
MAGURRAN, A. E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK. 250 p.
McALEECE, N; LAMBSHEAD, J; PATTERSON, G; GAGE, J. 1997. BioDiversity professional. The Natural History Museum and the Scottish Association for Marine Science. Available from URL: www.sams.ac.uk/dml-/projects/benthic/ dbpro/index.htm. [Fecha revisión:]
MEDINA, C. A.; ESCOBAR, F.; KATTAN, G. H. 2002. Diversity and habitat use of dung beetles in a restored Andean landscape. Biotrópica 34 (1): 181-187.
MÉNDEZ-ROJAS, D.; LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, M.; GARCÍA-CÁRDENAS, R. 2009. Diversidad de escarabajos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en dos localidades del departamento del Quindío. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural 13 (2): 148-156.
MURCIA, C. 1997. Evaluation of Andean alder as a catalyst for the recovery of tropical cloud forests in Colombia. Forestry Ecology and Management 99: 163-170.
NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, J. L.; NEWTON, A. F.; THAYER, M. K.; ASHE, J. S.; CHANDLER, D. S. 2002. Guía ilustrada para los géneros de Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) en México. Universidad de Guadalajara y CONABIO, México. 401 p.
NEW, T. R. 2007. Beetle and Conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 11 (1): 1-4.
NIEMELA, E. J.; HAILA, Y.; PUNTTILA, P. 1996. The importance of small scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in forest-floor invertebrates across the successional gradient. Ecography 19 (3): 352-368.
NOVOTNY, V.; BASSET, Y. 2000. Rare species in communities of tropical insect herbivores: pondering the mystery of singletons. Oikos 89 (3): 564-572.
OLIVER, I.; BEATTIE, A. J. 1993. A possible method for the rapid assessment of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 7: 562-568. OLIVER, I.; BEATTIE, A. J. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study. Conservation Biology 10: 99-109. OLSON, D. M. 1994. The distribution of the leaf litter invertebrates along a Neotropical altitudinal gradient. Journal of Tropical Ecology 10 (2): 129-150.
PECK, S. B.; THAYER, M. K. 2003. The Cave-inhabiting rove beetles of the United States (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae; excluding Aleocharinae and Pselaphinae): Diversity and distributions. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 65 (1): 3-8.
POHL, G. R.; LANGOR, D. W.; SPENCE, J. R. 2007. Rove beetles and ground beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Carabidae) as indicators of harvest and regeneration practices in western Canadian foothills forests. Biological Conservation 137 (2): 294-307.
POHL, G.; LANGOR, D.; KLIMASZEWSKI, J.; WORK, T.; PAQUIN, P. 2008. Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in northern Nearctic forests. Canadian Entomologist 140 (4): 415-436.
RANGEL, J. O. 2006. The Biodiversity of the Colombian Paramo and Its Relation to Anthropogenic Impact. pp.103-117. En: Spehn, E. M.; Liberman, M.; Körner, C. (Eds.). Land Use Change and Mountain Biodiversity. Taylor & Francis Group Press. 362 p.
RAY, D. K.; NAIR, U. S.; LAWTON, R. O.; WELCH, R. M.; PIELKE Sr., R. A. 2006. Impact of land use on Costa Rican tropical montane cloud forests: Sensitivity of orographic cloud formation to deforestation in the plains. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (4206):
1-16.
SANABRIA, C.; ARMBRECHT, I.; GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C. 2008. Diversidad de estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en cinco sistemas productivos de los Andes Colombianos. Revista Colombia de Entomología 34 (2): 217-228.
VAN DER HAMMEN, T. 1998. Páramos. pp.10-37. En: Chaves, M. E.; Arango, N. (Eds.). Ecosistemas terrestres. Informe Nacional sobre el Estado de la Biodiversidad. Tomo I. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Colombia. 545 p.
VÁSQUEZ-VÉLEZ, L. M.; BERMÚDEZ, C.; CHACÓN, P.; LOZANO-ZAMBRANO, F. H. 2010. Analysis of the richness of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) on different scales of a sub-Andean rural landscape in Colombia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (7): 1917-1931.
VERWEIJ, P. A.; KOK, K.; BUDDE, P. E. 2003. Aspectos de la transformación del páramo por el hombre. En: Van der Hammen, T.; Dos Santos, A.G. (Eds.). Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems, Vol.
5. Gebrüder Borntraeger. Berlín, Germany. 545 p.
VILLARREAL, H.; ÁLVAREZ, M.; CÓRDOBA, S.; ESCOBAR, F.; FAGUA, G.; GAST, F.; MENDOZA, H.; OSPINA, M.; UMAÑA, A. M. 2006. Manual de métodos para el desarrollo de inventarios de biodiversidad. Programa de Inventarios de Biodiversidad. Segunda edición. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá. 236 p.
WERNER, S. M.; RAFFA, K. F. 2000. Effects of forest management practices on the diversity of ground-occurring beetles in mixed northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes Region Forest. Ecology and Management 139 (1-3): 135-155.
WETTSTEIN, W.; SCHMID, B. 1999. Conservation of arthropod diversity in montane Wetlands: effect of altitude, habitat quality and habitat fragmentation on butterflies and grasshoppers. Journal of Applied Ecology 36 (3): 363-373.
WOODCOCK, B. A.; PYWELL, R. F.; ROY, D. B.; ROSE, R. J.; BELL, D. 2005. Grazing management of calcareous grasslands and its implications for the conservation of beetle communities. Biological Conservation 125 (2): 193-202.
ANDERSEN, A.; ELTEN, R. 2000. Long-term developments in the carabid and staphylinid (Col., Carabidae and Staphylinidae) fauna during conversion from conventional to biological farming. Journal of Applied Entomology 124 (1): 51-56.
ANDRADE, M. G. 1998. Utilización de las mariposas como bioindicadoras del tipo de hábitat y su diversidad en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Físicas, Exactas y Naturales 22 (84): 407-421.
ARMENTERAS, D.; CADENA-V, C.; MORENO, R. P. 2007. Evaluación del estado de los bosques de niebla y la meta 210 en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá D.C. 72 p.
BAQUERO, J. C.; DUQUE, J.M.; GÓMEZ, G. D. 2010. Composición florística en La Sonadora, Calarcá, Quindío. Comité de Cafeteros. 64 p.
BARLOW, J.; GARDNER, T. A.; ARAUJO, I. S.; ÁVILA-PIRES, T. C.; BONALDO A. B.; COSTA J. E.; ESPOSITO, M.C.; FERREIRA, L.V.; HAWES, J.; HERNANDEZ, M.I.; HOOGMOED, M. S.; LEITE, R. N.; LO-MAN-HUNG, N. F.; MALCOLM, J. R.; MARTINS, M. B.; MESTRE, L. A. M.; MIRANDA-SANTOS, R.; NUNES-GUTJAHR, A. L.; OVERAL, W. L.; PARRY, L.; PETERS, S.L.; RIBEIRO-JUNIOR, M. A.; DA SILVA, M. N. F.; DA SILVA MOTTA, C.; PERES, C. A. 2007. Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (47): 18555-18560.
BOHAC, J. 1999. Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 357-372.
BUBB, P.; MAY, I.; SAYER, J. 2004. Cloud Forest Agenda. UNEPWCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from URL: www.unep-wcmc. org/resources/publications/UNEP_WCMC_bio_series /20.htm. [Fecha revisión: 31 enero 2010].
CAVELIER, J.; SANTOS, C. 1999. Efectos de plantaciones abandonadas de especies exóticas y nativas sobre la regeneración natural de un bosque montano en Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical 47 (4): 775-784.
COLWELL, R. K.; CODDINGTON, J. A. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 345: 101-118.
polando y comparando las curvas de acumulación de especies basadas en su incidencia. pp. 73-84. En: Halffter, G.; Soberón, J.; Kollet, P.; Melic, A. (Eds.). Sobre diversidad biológica: El significado de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. Monografías Tercer Milenio: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, España. 242 p.
DIDHAM, R. K.; HAMMOND, P. M.; LAWTON, J. H.; EGGLETON, P.; STORK, N. E. 1998. Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs 68 (3): 295-323.
GARCÍA, R.; ARMBRECHT, I.; ULLOA-CHACÓN P. 2001. Staphylinidae: Coleoptera. Composición y mirmecofilia en bosques secos relictuales de Colombia. Folia Entomológica Mexicana 40 (1): 1-10. GARCÍA, R.; CHACÓN, P. 2005. Estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en fragmentos de bosque seco del valle geográfico del río Cauca. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 31(1): 43-50.
GOTELLI, N. J.; COLWELL, R. K. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4: 379-391.
GREBENNIKOV, V.V.; NEWTON, A. F. 2009. Good-bye Scydmaenidae, or why the ant-like stone beetles should become megadiverse Staphylinidae sensu latissimo (Coleoptera). European Journal of Entomology 106: 275-301.
GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C.; ULLOA-CHACÓN, P. 2006. Composición de estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) asociados a hojarasca en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Folia Entomológica Mexicana 45 (002): 69-81.
GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C.; ZÚÑIGA, M. C.; VAN BODEGON, P. M.; CHARÁ, J.; GIRALDO, L. P. 2009. Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Neotropical riverine landscapes: characterizing their distribution. Insect Conservation and Diversity 2: 106-115.
HALFFTER, G.; MORENO, C. E. 2005. Significado biológico de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. pp. 5-18. En: Halffter, G.; Soberón, J.; Kollet, P.; Melic, A. (Eds.). Sobre diversidad biológica: El significado de las diversidades alfa, beta y gamma. Monografías Tercer Milenio: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, España. 242 p.
HAMMER, Ø.; HARPER, D.; RYAN, P. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1). Disponible en: http://palaeoelectronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01. htm
HOFMANN, T. A; MASON, C. F. 2006. Importance of management on the distribution and abundance of Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) on coastal grazing marshes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 114 (2): 397-406.
JIMÉNEZ-VALVERDE, A.; HORTAL, J. 2003. Las curvas de acumulación de especies y la necesidad de evaluar la calidad de los inventarios biológicos. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 8 (31): 151-161.
KATTAN, G. H.; CORREA, D.; ESCOBAR, F.; MEDINA, C. A. 2006. Leaf-litter arthropods in restored forests in the colombian Andes: a comparison between secondary forest and tree plantations. Restoration Ecology 14 (1): 95-102.
KATTAN, G. H.; MURCIA, C.; GALINDO-CARDONA, A. 2010. An evaluation of bess beetles (Passalidae) and their resource base in a restored Andean forest. Tropical Conservation Science 3 (3): 334- 343.
LACHAT, T. 2004. The impact of forest management on saproxylic beetles and other arthropods in a semi-deciduous forest in Southern Benin. PhD Thesis, University of Basel, Faculty of Science. Available from URL: edoc.unibas.ch/239/1/DissB_6950.pdf
LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, M.; MÉNDEZ-ROJAS, D.; NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, J. L. 2011. First record and a new species of Megarthrus (Staphylinidae: Proteininae) for the Colombian Central Andes. Zootaxa. 2916: 62-64.
LOZADA, A.; FERNÁNDEZ, I.; TRUJILLO, M. 2004. Lista Preliminar de los Coleópteros (Insecta, Coleoptera) de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (34): 101-106.
MAGURRAN, A. E. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK. 250 p.
McALEECE, N; LAMBSHEAD, J; PATTERSON, G; GAGE, J. 1997. BioDiversity professional. The Natural History Museum and the Scottish Association for Marine Science. Available from URL: www.sams.ac.uk/dml-/projects/benthic/ dbpro/index.htm. [Fecha revisión:]
MEDINA, C. A.; ESCOBAR, F.; KATTAN, G. H. 2002. Diversity and habitat use of dung beetles in a restored Andean landscape. Biotrópica 34 (1): 181-187.
MÉNDEZ-ROJAS, D.; LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, M.; GARCÍA-CÁRDENAS, R. 2009. Diversidad de escarabajos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en dos localidades del departamento del Quindío. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural 13 (2): 148-156.
MURCIA, C. 1997. Evaluation of Andean alder as a catalyst for the recovery of tropical cloud forests in Colombia. Forestry Ecology and Management 99: 163-170.
NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, J. L.; NEWTON, A. F.; THAYER, M. K.; ASHE, J. S.; CHANDLER, D. S. 2002. Guía ilustrada para los géneros de Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) en México. Universidad de Guadalajara y CONABIO, México. 401 p.
NEW, T. R. 2007. Beetle and Conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 11 (1): 1-4.
NIEMELA, E. J.; HAILA, Y.; PUNTTILA, P. 1996. The importance of small scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in forest-floor invertebrates across the successional gradient. Ecography 19 (3): 352-368.
NOVOTNY, V.; BASSET, Y. 2000. Rare species in communities of tropical insect herbivores: pondering the mystery of singletons. Oikos 89 (3): 564-572.
OLIVER, I.; BEATTIE, A. J. 1993. A possible method for the rapid assessment of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 7: 562-568. OLIVER, I.; BEATTIE, A. J. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study. Conservation Biology 10: 99-109. OLSON, D. M. 1994. The distribution of the leaf litter invertebrates along a Neotropical altitudinal gradient. Journal of Tropical Ecology 10 (2): 129-150.
PECK, S. B.; THAYER, M. K. 2003. The Cave-inhabiting rove beetles of the United States (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae; excluding Aleocharinae and Pselaphinae): Diversity and distributions. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 65 (1): 3-8.
POHL, G. R.; LANGOR, D. W.; SPENCE, J. R. 2007. Rove beetles and ground beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Carabidae) as indicators of harvest and regeneration practices in western Canadian foothills forests. Biological Conservation 137 (2): 294-307.
POHL, G.; LANGOR, D.; KLIMASZEWSKI, J.; WORK, T.; PAQUIN, P. 2008. Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in northern Nearctic forests. Canadian Entomologist 140 (4): 415-436.
RANGEL, J. O. 2006. The Biodiversity of the Colombian Paramo and Its Relation to Anthropogenic Impact. pp.103-117. En: Spehn, E. M.; Liberman, M.; Körner, C. (Eds.). Land Use Change and Mountain Biodiversity. Taylor & Francis Group Press. 362 p.
RAY, D. K.; NAIR, U. S.; LAWTON, R. O.; WELCH, R. M.; PIELKE Sr., R. A. 2006. Impact of land use on Costa Rican tropical montane cloud forests: Sensitivity of orographic cloud formation to deforestation in the plains. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (4206):
1-16.
SANABRIA, C.; ARMBRECHT, I.; GUTIÉRREZ-CHACÓN, C. 2008. Diversidad de estafilínidos (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) en cinco sistemas productivos de los Andes Colombianos. Revista Colombia de Entomología 34 (2): 217-228.
VAN DER HAMMEN, T. 1998. Páramos. pp.10-37. En: Chaves, M. E.; Arango, N. (Eds.). Ecosistemas terrestres. Informe Nacional sobre el Estado de la Biodiversidad. Tomo I. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Colombia. 545 p.
VÁSQUEZ-VÉLEZ, L. M.; BERMÚDEZ, C.; CHACÓN, P.; LOZANO-ZAMBRANO, F. H. 2010. Analysis of the richness of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) on different scales of a sub-Andean rural landscape in Colombia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (7): 1917-1931.
VERWEIJ, P. A.; KOK, K.; BUDDE, P. E. 2003. Aspectos de la transformación del páramo por el hombre. En: Van der Hammen, T.; Dos Santos, A.G. (Eds.). Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems, Vol.
5. Gebrüder Borntraeger. Berlín, Germany. 545 p.
VILLARREAL, H.; ÁLVAREZ, M.; CÓRDOBA, S.; ESCOBAR, F.; FAGUA, G.; GAST, F.; MENDOZA, H.; OSPINA, M.; UMAÑA, A. M. 2006. Manual de métodos para el desarrollo de inventarios de biodiversidad. Programa de Inventarios de Biodiversidad. Segunda edición. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá. 236 p.
WERNER, S. M.; RAFFA, K. F. 2000. Effects of forest management practices on the diversity of ground-occurring beetles in mixed northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes Region Forest. Ecology and Management 139 (1-3): 135-155.
WETTSTEIN, W.; SCHMID, B. 1999. Conservation of arthropod diversity in montane Wetlands: effect of altitude, habitat quality and habitat fragmentation on butterflies and grasshoppers. Journal of Applied Ecology 36 (3): 363-373.
WOODCOCK, B. A.; PYWELL, R. F.; ROY, D. B.; ROSE, R. J.; BELL, D. 2005. Grazing management of calcareous grasslands and its implications for the conservation of beetle communities. Biological Conservation 125 (2): 193-202.
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