Phenology, spatial distribution and development of sampling methods for Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on snap beans and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Main Article Content
Trialeurodes vaporariorum is one of the most important and difficult to control pests of snap beans and dry beans in Colombia. To understand the distribution of the insect on the plant and the preferred feeding sites of immatures and adults, to quantify an action threshold previously established by CIAT, and to develop sampling methods, six trials were conducted in the field in the area of Pradera (Valle). In both snap beans and dry beans, adults colonize and oviposit on the young leaves, then migrate within the plant to the upper levels (strata) as the crop ages, while the nymphs and pupae are found on lower plant strata. Populations of the insect are affected by rainfall. A pattern of clumped distribution on the leaves was found for all stages of T. vaporariorum on snap beans and dry beans. For nymphs, a sample size of 50 leaflets taken at random on lower strata leaves was calculated. The recommended sampling patterns are in the form of an “M” or “Z” that encompass the borders. A sequential sampling plan was developed for first instar nymphs on snap beans based on an action threshold of 12 nymphs/2.25cm2 per leaflet.
BARTELS, D.; HUTCHISON, W.; UDAYAGIRI, S. 1997. Pheromone trap monitoring of Z strain European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): optimum pheromone blend, comparison with blacklight traps and
trap number requirements. Journal of Economic Entomology 90 (2): 449–457.
BINK-MOENEN, R. M.; MOUND, L. A. 1990. Whiteflies: Diversity biosystematics and evolutionary patterns. pp. 1-12. In: Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management. D. Gerling (ed). Intercept, Ltd., Andover, Hants, UK.
BYRNE, D. N.; BELLOWS, T.S.; PARRELLA, M.P. 1990. Whiteflies in agricultural systems. pp. 227-251. In: Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management (D. Gerling, ed.). Intercept, Ltd., Andover, Hants, UK.
CARDONA, C. 1995. Manejo de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) en fríjol en la zona Andina: Aspectos técnicos, actitudes del agricultor y transferencia de tecnología. Revista CEIBA 36 (1): 53-65.
CARDONA, C.; PRADA, P., RODRÍGUEZ, A.; ASHBY, J., QUIRÓS, C. 1991. Bases para establecer un programa de manejo integrado de plagas de habichuela en la provincia de Sumapaz (Colombia). ICACRECED Sumapaz–Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIA. Cali. 76 p. (Documento de Trabajo No. 86).
CARDONA, C.; RODRÍGUEZ, A.; PRADA, P. 1993. Umbral de acción para el control de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), en habichuela. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 19 (1): 27-33.
DE LA CRUZ, A.; CARDONA, C.; RAMÍREZ, D. 1990. Descripción de estados inmaduros y cría de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Documento Interno. Programa de Entomología de Fríjol CIAT. 25p.
GERLING, D. (Ed) 1990. Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management. Intercepted Ltd., Andover, UK. 348 pp.
GERLING, D. 1992. Approaches to the biological control of whiteflies. Florida Entomologist 75 (4): 446-456.
JONG-KWAN, K.; JUNG-JOON, P.; HEUNGSUN, P.; KIHONG, CH. 2001. Unbiased estimation of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, mean density using yellow sticky trap in cherry tomato greenhouses. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 100: 235-243.
LEWIS, T. 1997. Thrips as Crop Pests. CAB International. Wallingford, UK 740 p.
LIU, T.; OETTING, R.D.; BUNTIN, D. 1993. Distribution of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaco (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on some greenhouse – grown ornamental plants. Journal of Economic Entomology 28 (1): 102-112.
LOUISE, R. 1975. Whiteflies on beans in the western hemisphere. Workshop on Bean Production CIAT. 22 p. December 1 -3. Cali, Colombia.
LYNCH, R.E.; SIMMONS, A.V. 1993. Distribution of immature and monitoring of adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), in peanut, Arachis hypogaea. Environmental Entomology 22 (2): 375-380.
MANZANO, M.R.; CARDONA, C.; LANTEREN, J.C. 2000. Intrinsic rate of population increase of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) at different temperatures and relative humidities on two bean cultivars. pp 51-68. In: Evaluation of Amitus fuscipennis as biological control agent of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on bean in Colombia. Doctoral thesis. Wageningen University.
MUMFORD, D.J.; NORTON, G.H. 1987. Economics of integrated pest control. pp. 191-200. In: Teng. P.S. (Ed.). Crop Loss Assessment Methods and Pest Management. A.P.S. Press. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota. U.S.A. 191-200.
NARANJO, S. AND FLINT, H.M. 1994. Spatial distribution of preimaginal Bemisia tabaco (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton and development of fixed precisión sequential sampling plans. Environmental Entomology 23 (2): 254-266.
PEDIGO, L. 1999. Entomology and Pest Management. Third edition. Iowa State University. pp. 209-251.
PEDIGO, L.P.; ZEISS, M.R. 1996. Analyses in Insect Ecology and Management. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 168 p.
RENDÓN, F.; CARDONA, C.; BUENO, J. 2001. Pérdidas causadas por Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) en habichuela en el Valle del Cauca. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 27 (1-2): 34-43.
RICKLEFS, R. E. 1998. Invitación a la ecología; economía de la naturaleza. Invitación a la Ecología. 4ta edición. Buenos Aires. Editorial Médica Panamericana. 692 p.
RODRÍGUEZ, I.; CARDONA, C. 2001. Problemática de Trialeurodes vaporariorum y Bemisia tabaco (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) como plagas de cultivos semestrales en el Valle del Cauca. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 27 (1-2): 21-26.
SAS Institute. 1989. SAS/STAT User’s guide version 6. 4th Ed. Vol. 2 SAS Institute, Cary, N.C. 846 p.
SCHWARTZ, P.H.; KLASSEN, W. 1981. Estimate of losses caused by insect and mites to agricultural crops. pp. 15-77. En: Pimentel , D. (Ed). CRC Handbook of pest management in Agriculture. Vol. 1 CRC Press, Inc. Boca Ratón FA., U.S.A.
STATISTIXS. 1998. Analytical Software. Statistixs for Windows. User’s manual. 333 p.
TONHASCA, A.; PALUMBO, J.; BYRNE, D. 1994. Aggregation patterns of Bemisia tabaco in response to insecticide applications. Entomología Experimentalis et Applicata 72: 265-272.
VET, L.; VAN LENTEREN, J.C.; WOETS, J. 1980. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia Formosa (Hym: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom: Aleyrodidae). Zeitschrift-fuer-Angewandte Entomologie 90: 26-51.
XU RUMEI, 1982. Population dynamics of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly): some comments on sampling techniques and prediction of population developments. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie. Vol. 94 (4) Nov/82. 452-465.
- ISAURA V. RODRÍGUEZ, CÉSAR CARDONA, Problems related to the incidence of whiteflies as pests of annual crops in the cauca Valley of Colombia , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 27 No. 1 (2001)
- CÉSAR CARDONA, FRANCISCO RENDÓN, JAVIER GARCÍA, ARISTÓBULO LÓPEZ-AVILA, JUAN M. BUENO, JOSÉ D. RAMÍREZ, Resistance to insecticides in Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Colombia y Ecuador , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 27 No. 1 (2001)
- JUAN MIGUEL BUENO, CÉSAR CARDONA, Biology and habits of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as a pest of dry beans and snap beans , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 27 No. 1 (2001)
- RANULFO GONZÁLEZ, CÉSAR CARDONA, BIOLOGY OF Cerotoma facialisl COMMON BEANE PEST, Phaseolus vulgaris L. , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 5 No. 1-2 (1979)
- CONSTANZA QUINTERO, FRANCISCO RENDÓN, JAVIER GARCÍA, CÉSAR CARDONA, ARISTÓBULO LÓPEZ-AVILA, PILAR HERNÁNDEZ, Species and biotypes of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) affecting annual crops in Colombia and Ecuador , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 27 No. 1 (2001)
- EDISON VALENCIA, CECILIA PLATA, CARLOS CORREDOR, CÉSAR CARDONA, ENZYMATIC RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN LARVAE OF Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 19 No. 4 (1993)
- CÉSAR CARDONA, ADELA RODRÍGUEZ, PEDRO C. PRADA, ACTION THRESHOLD FOR THE CONTROL OF THE WHITE FLY OF THE GREENHOUSES, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), IN GREEN BEANS , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 19 No. 1 (1993)
- CARMEN ELISA POSSOL, CÉSAR CARDONA, JOSÉ F. VALOR, HÉCTOR MORALES, DEVELOPMENT OF BEAN RESISTANT LINES TO Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman)) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 18 No. 1 (1992)
- Juan Miguel Bueno, Guillermo Sotelo, Iván Zuluaga, Francisco Rendón, César Cardona Mejía , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 39 No. 1 (2013)
- ANGELA MARTHA R. DE HERNÁNDEZ, PATRICIA CHACÓN, MORPHOLOGY AND HABITS OF Langsdorfia sp. PASSION FRUIT SWEEPER IN THE CAUCA VALLEY , Revista Colombiana de Entomología: Vol. 5 No. 1-2 (1979)
Authors retain the copyright on their work and are responsible for the ideas expressed in them. Once a manuscript is approved for publication, authors are asked for a publication license for the term of legal protection, for all territories that allows the use, dissemination and disclosure of the same.