Toxic effects of virtako on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Main Article Content
Laboratory assays (Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China) were conducted to assess the potential of virtako, a mixture insecticide, which contains 20% chlorantraniliprole and 20% thiamethoxam, against the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). The toxic effects of virtako against the nymphal instars of N. lugens indicated that all instars were sensitive to the five concentrations (16, 8, 4, 2, 1 mg/L). The first-second instars were the most susceptible, and the median lethal concentrations [LC50] were 4.76, 1.96 and 0.85 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively. Fifth-instars were the least susceptible with the LC50 values of 23.76, 7.25 and 3.95 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively, and were significantly greater than those of the first - second instars. The LC50s of the third - fourth instars were 11.59, 5.72 and 2.17 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively. These results indicate that virtako might be an effective alternative for the control of BPH N. lugens, by delaying the resistance levels of thiamethoxam.
CORBEL, V.; RAYMOND M.; CHANDRE F.; DARRIET F.; HOUGARD, J. M. 2003. Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates. Pest Management Science 60: 375-380.
ENDO, S.; TSURUMACHI, M. 2001. Insecticide susceptibility of the brown planthopper and the white–back planthopper collected from southeast Asia. Journal of Pesticide Science 26: 82-86.
GENG, P.; YANG, L.; HU, M. Y.; AN, G. D. 2011. Efficacy of 40% chlorantraniliprole · thiamethoxam WDG against rice pests. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences 3: 63-64, 73.
GHAFFAR, M. B.; PRITCHARD, J.; LOYD, B. F. 2011. Brown planthopper (N. lugens Stal) feeding behaviour on rice germplasm as an indicator of resistance. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22137.
GHAFOOR, A.; KHAN, M. S.; MAHMOOD, A.; AHMAD, F.; HASSAN, M.; ANEES, A. R. 2011. Resistance status of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub) against mixture of Profenofos and Indoxacarb (1:1) insecticides at Faisalabad, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal 13(1): 90-94.
GURR, G. M.; LIU, J.; READ, D. M. Y.; CATINDIG, J. L. A.; CHENG, J. A.; LAN, L. P.; HEONG, K. L. 2011. Parasitoids of Asian rice planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) pests and prospects for enhancing biological control by ecological engineering. Annals of Applied Biology 158: 149-176.
HAN, X. L.; QIAN, C. F.; CHEN, F. H. 1993. China agricultural encyclopedia. China Agricultural Press. Beijing. China. 126 p.
KARUNARATNE, S. H. P. P.; WEERAKOONL, K. C.; NUNGALIYADDA, L.; MANUWEERA, G.K. 2007. Susceptibility of rice insect pests and their natural enemies to commonly used insecticides. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 35 (2): 97-102.
LIU, X. G.; ZHAO, X. H.; WANG, Y. H.; WE, J. J.; SHEN, J. L.; KONG, J.; CAO, M. Z.; ZHOU, W. J.; LUO, C. H. 2010. Dynamic changes of resistance to fipronil and neonicotinoid insecticides in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Chinese Journal of Rice Science 24 (1): 73-80.
MATSUMURA, M.; TAKEURCHI, H.; SATOH, M.; MORIMURA, S. S.; OTUKA, A.; WATANABE, T.; THANH, D. V. 2008. Species-specific insecticide resistance to imidacloprid and fipronil in the rice planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera in East and South-east Asia. Pest Management Science 64 (11): 1115-1121.
McKENZIE, J. A. 1996. Applying the theory, the better management of resistance and pests: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Insecticide Resistance. Academic Press. The Austin. pp. 149-173.
PENG, Y., SHAO, X. L.; HOSE, G. C.; LIU, F. X.; CHEN, J. 2010. Dimethoate, fenvalerate and their mixture affect Hylyphantes graminicola (Araneae: Linyphiidae) adults and their unexposed offspring. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 12: 343-351.
PERRY, T.; BATTERHAM, P.; DABORN, P. J. 2011. The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 4: 411-422.
SHARMA, D. R.; LAL, O. P. 2002. Bio-efficacy of thiamethoxam in comparison to recommended insecticides against leafhopper and white fly of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Journal of Entomological Research 26 (3): 257-262.
TAO, L. M.; YANG, J. Z.; ZHUANG, P. J.; TANG, Z. H. 2006. Effect of a mixture of iprobenfos and malathion on the development of malathion resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens Coq. Pest Management Science 62: 86-90.
WANG, Y. H.; CHEN, J.; ZHU, Y. C.; MA, C. Y.; HUANG Y.; SHEN, J.L. 2008. Susceptibility to neonicotinoids and risk of resistance development in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Pest Management Science 64: 1278-1284.
WANG, Y. H.; WU, S. G.; ZHU, Y. C.; CHEN, J.; LIU, F. Y.; ZHAO, X. P.; WANG, Q.; LI, Z.; BO, X. P.; SHEN, J. L. 2009. Dynamics of imidacloprid resistance and cross-resistance in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 131: 20-29.
XU, SH. C.; YU, Y. F.; WANG, X. J.; WAN, Q. 2008. Rynaxypyr, a new insecticide and its research & development in application. Modern Agrochemicals 7(5): 8-11.
XUE, J.; BAO, Y. Y.; LI, B. l.; CHENG, Y. B.; PENG, Z. Y.; LIU, H.; XU, H. J.; ZHU, Z. R.; LOU, Y. G.; CHEN, J. A.; ZHANG, C. X. 2010. Transcriptome analysis of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14233.
YANG, L.; ZHANG, Y. B.; HU, M. Y.; GENG, P. 2010. Toxic effects of virtako on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences 5: 158-160.
YIN, S. M. 2010. Insecticide resistance. Pest control Newsletter 20: 1.
YOO, J. K.; LEE, S. W.; AHN, Y. J.; NAGATA, T.; SHONO, T. 2002. Altered acetylcholinesterase as a resistance mechanism in the brown planthopper (Homoptera: Delphacidae) Nilaparvata lugens Stål. Applied Entomology Zoology 37: 37-41.
ZHANG, J.; YUAN, F. H.; LIU, J.; CHEN, H. D.; ZHANG, R. J. 2010. Sublethal effects of nitenpyram on life-table parameters and wing formation of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Applied Entomology Zoology 45 (4): 569-574.
ZHUANG, Y. L.; SHEN, J. L.; CHEN, Z. 1999. The influence of triazophos on the productivity of the different wing-form brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University 22: 21-24.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright on their work and are responsible for the ideas expressed in them. Once a manuscript is approved for publication, authors are asked for a publication license for the term of legal protection, for all territories that allows the use, dissemination and disclosure of the same.